[259][260][261] Because constitutional affairs are reserved matters under the Scotland Act, the Scottish Parliament would again have to be granted temporary additional powers under Section 30 in order to hold a legally binding vote. G. Robb, "Popular Religion and the Christianization of the Scottish Highlands in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries". [328], Rock band Simple Minds were the most commercially successful Scottish band of the 1980s, having found success in international markets such as the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand,[329] whilst pop singer Lewis Capaldi was recognised as the best selling artist in the UK in 2019.[330]. [48] There were also ‘residents’, who performed regular short sets of songs. [320][321] Scotland's University Courts are the only bodies in Scotland authorised to award degrees. The first, in the later 19th and early 20th centuries, involved figures including collectors Sabine Baring-Gould (1834–1924), Frank Kidson (1855–1926), Lucy Broadwood (1858–1939), and Anne Gilchrist (1863–1954), centred around the Folk Song Society, founded in 1911. [249][250] During the campaign, the three main parties in the British Parliament pledged to extend the powers of the Scottish Parliament. [63] English proposals along the same lines were abandoned in 1674 and in 1685. These problems, and the desire to improve agriculture and profits were the driving forces of the ongoing Highland Clearances, in which many of the population of the Highlands suffered eviction as lands were enclosed, principally so that they could be used for sheep farming. These are being phased out and replaced by the National Qualifications of the Curriculum for Excellence. [149], On the high mountain tops, species including ptarmigan, mountain hare and stoat can be seen in their white colour phase during winter months. [276] The Cabinet Secretary for Justice is responsible for the Scottish Prison Service within the Scottish Government. [366], Scottish cuisine has distinctive attributes and recipes of its own but shares much with wider British and European cuisine as a result of local and foreign influences, both ancient and modern. [324], Scotland's universities are complemented in the provision of Further and Higher Education by 43 colleges. [371] Scotland is represented at the Celtic Media Festival, which showcases film and television from the Celtic countries. [42], In a process strikingly similar to the origins of British folk rock in the 1960s, the English thrash metal band Skyclad added violins from a session musician on several tracks for their 1990 debut album The Wayward Sons of Mother Earth. However, large scale commercial tree planting and the management of upland moorland habitat for the grazing of sheep and field sport activities like deer stalking and driven grouse shooting impacts the distribution of indigenous plants and animals. The Southern Uplands are a range of hills almost 200 kilometres (124 mi) long, interspersed with broad valleys. [17] The number of clubs began to decline in the 1980s, in the face of changing musical and social trends. [22] Local tunes were collected from the mid-18th century by figures including Henry Atkinson and William Vickers and in the first revival by John Bell, Bruce. This pattern can be seen in textile production, mining and eventually steel, shipbuilding, rail working and other industries. [26], Repeated glaciations, which covered the entire land mass of modern Scotland, destroyed any traces of human habitation that may have existed before the Mesolithic period. [52] The most consistent source of folk music on radio, has been BBC Radio 2. [278] Healthcare policy and funding is the responsibility of the Scottish Government's Health Directorates. [144] Rainfall varies widely across Scotland. Since 1689 it has had a Presbyterian system of church government and enjoys independence from the state. [78] In the late 19th century the growing importance of the working classes was marked by Keir Hardie's success in the Mid Lanarkshire by-election, 1888, leading to the foundation of the Scottish Labour Party, which was absorbed into the Independent Labour Party in 1895, with Hardie as its first leader. [389] The national team last attended the World Cup in France in 1998, but finished last in their group stage. The remainder of the road network is managed by the Scottish local authorities in each of their areas. Distinctively Scottish regiments in the British Army include the Scots Guards, the Royal Scots Dragoon Guards and the 154 (Scottish) Regiment RLC, an Army Reserve regiment of the Royal Logistic Corps. The well-preserved village of Skara Brae on the mainland of Orkney dates from this period. "[73], In the Highlands, clan chiefs gradually started to think of themselves more as commercial landlords than leaders of their people. The Scottish Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution turned Scotland into an intellectual, commercial and industrial powerhouse[71] – so much so Voltaire said "We look to Scotland for all our ideas of civilisation. In early 2017, the devolved governments met to discuss Brexit and agree on Brexit strategies from each devolved government[219] which lead for Theresa May to issue a statement that claims that the devolved governments will not have a central role or decision making process in the Brexit process, but that the central government plans to "fully engage" Scotland in talks alongside the governments of Wales and Northern Ireland. The Highlands and Islands lie to the north and west of the Highland Boundary Fault, which runs from Arran to Stonehaven. [113] East Anglia made a contribution to the British folk rock scene of the 1970s, producing the short-lived, but more recently reformed, bands Midwinter and Stone Angel, based in Great Yarmouth and the more successful Spriguns of Tolgus from Cambridge, who produced four albums. [44] According to Cassius Dio, the inhabitants of Caledonia were the Caledonians and the Maeatae. Muslims make up a majority of the population in 51 countries. DFDS Seaways operated a freight-only Rosyth – Zeebrugge ferry service, until a fire damaged the vessel DFDS were using. [12] As the craze subsided from the mid-1950s many of these clubs began to shift towards the performance of English traditional folk material. When British Rail existed, many railway lines in Strathclyde were electrified. [292] It supports around 10,000 jobs directly and 25,000 indirectly. [369], National newspapers such as the Daily Record, The Herald, The Scotsman and The National are all produced in Scotland. [129] More recently it has produced some significant performers including guitarist Ken Nicol and mother and daughter singer songwriters Chris and Kellie While. "Routing the Golf Course: The Art & Science That Forms the Golf Journey". [343] In the 20th century the Scottish Renaissance saw a surge of literary activity and attempts to reclaim the Scots language as a medium for serious literature. [41]:32–33 From a base in eastern Scotland north of the River Forth and south of the River Spey, the kingdom expanded first southwards, into the former Northumbrian lands, and northwards into Moray. [226] There had been an agreement between Scotland and France that allowed citizens of both countries to hold dual citizenship, however, this was revoked by the French Government in 1903. [170], Immigration since World War II has given Glasgow, Edinburgh, and Dundee small South Asian communities. Arguably the published collection of oral material was made in this area by John Broadwood, as Old English Songs, As Now Sung by the Peasantry of the Weald of Surrey and Sussex (1843). [155] Folk songs include ‘Sweet Nightingale’, ‘Little Eyes’, and ‘Lamorna’. [4] The last of these also contained some oral material and by the end of the 18th century this was becoming increasingly common, with collections including Joseph Ritson's, The Bishopric Garland (1784), which paralleled the work of figures like Robert Burns and Walter Scott in Scotland.[4]. [82] Traditionally Morris dance was accompanied by either a pipe and tabor or a fiddle, but from the mid-19th century most common instruments were the melodeon, accordion, concertina and drums. Edward I of England arbitrated between various claimants for the Scottish crown. [381] Dumbarton Studios, located in Dumbarton is largely used for BBC Scotland programming, used for the filming and production of television programmes such as Still Game, River City, Two Doors Down, and Shetland.